Potentialities of carbon and its hybrid composites for fabricating biosensors

The presence of carbon allotropes such as zero-dimensional (0D) carbon quantum dots, one-dimensional (1D) carbon nanotubes, two-dimensional (2D) graphene, and their composites can be easily observed as a transducing element for biosensors due to their unique physical, chemical, and biological properties. Some unique features of carbon nanomaterial (CNMs) such as their large surface-to-volume ratio, high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity, ease in functionalization, and good biocompatibility have led to their strong presence in the field of biosensors. The present chapter covers the most recent progress in the development of CNMs-based biosensors. In addition, the chapter also provides in depth details on biosensors for various analytes such as ion, glucose, cholesterol, antibody, Deoxyribonucleic acid, and Escherichia coli as the target molecules.