Upgrading of seafood waste as a carbon source: Nano-world outlook

Nano-carbons have received a lot of attention owing to their distinctively fascinating properties and myriad applications in our daily lives. A plethora of literature on the use of natural materials for the green synthesis of nano-carbons is available. However, seafood waste is often ignored. Indeed, seafood waste is a rich source of carbon and could play a constructive role in reducing environmental pollution and improving the economy through its productive usage. A compendium of all research studies on the utilization of various seafood waste as precursors for nano-carbons has not been generated. This review attempts to highlight the various aspects of seafood waste to nano-carbons conversion as a solution to waste management. The recent trends of preparation of nano-carbons from various kinds of seafood waste have been explored. Then, a critical discussion of their benefits, drawbacks, and applications in various sectors such as cell imaging, drug and metal ion detection, electrocatalysis, energy storage, and harvesting is provided. Current challenges and future outlook for the recovery of seafood waste and its sustainable conversion to nano-carbons are also discussed.